Does money/services have to take place in order to show passing off?
I don't think so. I'm not in the legal profession, but have been exposed to it in a few ways so I'm not 100% behind this... but I think passing off is an act that involves someone knowingly pretending to be someone else, their business or pretending their products, services, website or even advice is that of the other person.
The person must be knowingly doing the pretending. If that is proven then their is damage done to the claimant (doesn't have to be financial through money/services... could just be in confusing the website visitor and not providing them with the experience they expect from the original company)
As an example if you set up a info site on a .co.uk and the domain was a LLL domain and someone in the same field had a site on a .com could this be passing off? Or infringement? If you call yourself a different name?
If you call yourself a different name then the passing off and trademark infringement issues usually all go away. If the content on the site is the same as the other websites then that's copyright infringement - still a problem but lower down the food chain.
Passing off is at the top of the food chain in seriousness because it usually involves the copying of someone else's logo on a box of trainers that haven't been made by them for example. It's someone misleading consumers by knowingly pretending to be another company, by using their name/logo etc.
If yes, then this could also be said of expired domains then? If someone has built up goodwill on a domain, even if you make no reference to the old registrant your building on there goodwill?
Yep it would be true of dropped names in the sense of trademark infringement if you use the name in a similar class of business/trade. `
I mentioned above that passing off is often connected with using another company's logo, but if the domain is specific enough and the website seeks to trick people into thinking it's a site of the other company's, then that's enough for passing off.
Don't believe everything I say! Everything depends on the circumstances really.